Othello commentary

Emilie Speaks Her Mind One of Shakespearean famous plays ‘Othello' is about a black man who marries a white woman, and then murders his wife because of unfounded Jealousy. The play also contains another dysfunctional marriage between Ago and Emilie, which also ends with the husband murdering his wife. Emilie, lagans wife, has never received love from her husband. In Act 4. Scene 3 line 95-115. Amelia's speech Is structured as if she experienced a lot of stress.She believes that men and women are basically the name and have equal desires and needs. Although she hasn't spoken with intensity, from her style, her use of literally devices, and also her monologue structure, the audience can feel her distrust of her husband that has been present for a long time. Primarily, by looking at the structure of Amelia's speech, spectators can notice that Email Is not Just encouraging Desman, she Is also cheering herself. The dictions that Renewal used like â€Å"throwing restraint,† (4 . 3. 101), â€Å"scant,† (4. . 102), â€Å"galls† (43. 103), and â€Å"see and smell,† (4. 3. 04) pulls its statements against the iambic line. Also her speech shifts from question to statement. This structure suggests how Emilie has been denied such freedom by Ago. It illustrates that the women may speak their minds and hearts to each other. The second aspect of Amelia's monologue is her use of literary devices to express what she had conquered while living with Ago. She uses metaphors to support her opinion that men are responsible for the failure of the women.She states that when their husbands stop carrying out their duties with heir wives, sometimes women find other romance, â€Å"Say that they slack their duties, And pour our treasures into foreign laps,† (4. 3. 98-99). With her comment, â€Å"Ã'›. They see and smell They see and smell And have their palates both for sweet and sour, As husbands have. † (4. 3. 105-108) Email Is comparing man and women and stating her case for the fact that both man and women have similar senses and needs. Through metaphors Emilie expresses her opinion that man does not see how the needs and desires of men and women are similar.Finally, in Act 4, Scene 3, line 95-115, the audience can find the reflection in Amelia's own personal experience by her style of speech. In her monologue, there are masses of mixture emotion; confidence, dismay, cynicism, anger. Emilie is not Just consoling Desman, from her tone, the audience can notice she Is also bursting out what she suppresses to her husband up until now. With her regular use of the pronoun â€Å"we†, â€Å"they', and â€Å"us†, her monologue is expressing the rights of all women. She sees herself as a part of a large group. To sum up, all the readers can analysisAmelia's monologue to look at the structure of argument; context of the speech and also the literary devices that she used is similar to giving an actor the tools to interpret the role.. As we go over Amelia's life with Ago and reading Amelia's speech thought of women should treat like men for all long time. Although Emilie end up with dying at the hands of her husband by attempting to tell the truth to make clear how monstrous a liar Ago is, Emilie can clearly display the characteristics of a strong- minded individual. Emilie can admiring as a women that exemplifies the strength and courage.

Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay

Resources Sharing – Concepts of Resource Sharing A multi user operating system can support more that one user at a time, this means that multiple users can share the same system resources simultaneously. The users of a multi user operating system can share both hardware and software resources, the operating system carries out complicated routines to manage all the processes that the users are running. – List of shared resources: – * Hardware CPU Power, RAM, Hard drive, Peripherals (printer, Scanner, CD ROM) Other peripherals may be made available in a MUOS for users who require them (Floppy disk drive, Speakers, Head Phones, Video Cameras etc.) * Software – Scheduler Software (needed to manage and prioritise tasks). – Batch Job Some processes take a long time to complete and can often disturb other computer tasks that are important. A Batch Job is a file that does not require any user interaction, so it is set up to run a number of processes at a later time, often late at night. One example is overnight maintenance at a bank when they update all the accounts so it will not disrupt the other processes during the day. Multi-Tasking – Concepts of multi-tasking Multi tasking is when the operating system switches between tasks at a very high speed, it can sometimes seem as though it is performing more than one task at a time. For example, a user could be printing and typing at the same time, and listening to a CD. Many users can access the same resources at (what appears to be) the same time. One disadvantage of this is that it requires a great deal of memory and the processes may run slower. The two types of multi-tasking are co-operative and pre-emptive: * Pre-emptive – This is when the applications are forced to give up the CPU after a certain length of time so that the other processes get an equal share of CPU time. (time-sliced). * Co-operative multi-tasking is when it is the current running tasks responsibility to share the CPU to the other processes. One task must finish before the other starts. It is called Co-operative because all the tasks must co-operate for this type of processing to work and there is no time limit on each task. (Round Robin). – Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage of Pre-emptive multi-tasking is that some important tasks may be allocated a more time slices so it will not be stalled by other smaller tasks. A disadvantage of both types of multi-tasking is that it requires a large amount of memory to work properly. Background Processing – Concepts of background / foreground processing When a task will require a long time to process and requires no user input e.g. downloading a large file from the internet, it can be processed later when the computer is not processing other tasks. Background processing is often used in banks and businesses to process the customer’s accounts at the end of each day, the operating system can be left to run the process overnight or when the CPU is not currently being used by a task that requires a great deal of processing. – Unix command to run background processing Control-Z = Leave process running in background bg = Continue process at background Control-C = move foreground process to background Fg = move the process to foreground – Example of a background process If you need to run a large print job, e.g. printing out one hundred copies of a Workbook for a group of students, it can be set as a background process and will only use CPU power when other tasks are not running. Types of Multi-User Operating System Multi-Processor – More than one CPU Multi user operating systems can sometimes have more that one processor. In some expensive operating systems it is possible to connect more CPUs to the system and have them work together to execute tasks. Multiprocessing can significantly reduce the time taken to execute each process. An operating system with multiple processors can perform different tasks separately or a task can be split up and processed by different CPUs. – Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage is that multi processing systems can be very speedy at completing tasks. A disadvantage is that this type of system is very expensive. Time-Sliced As multi user operating systems share resources, different processes can require different amounts of time. It is possible and to interrupt a large process so that a smaller process to be completed. If you were using a time slicing system then the processor will switch between processes at timed intervals (Pre-emptive). The amount of time allocated to each process is called a time slice. The length of time given for each time-slice is allocated by a program called a scheduler. – An advantage is that larger or more important processes may be given more time slices than a smaller task so it can be completed, however this could also be a disadvantage if there are many users executing smaller tasks as they will take longer to be finished. Distributed The distributed system is where a number of systems are connected through a Local Area Network. This can be more powerful than a single processor system and it is capable of online sharing. Hardware Components Processor – The CPU is the brain of the operating system. It responds to and processes and instructions that control the computer. The control unit in a CPU controls everything which happens within, the ALU does calculations and is responsible for decision making and the accumulator stores the last data that was decoded for future processes. There are various registers within the CPU, they are the instruction register, which holds the instruction that is being decoded, the program counter stores what part of the program we have reached, the memory address register points to the location where data is being fetched or written and the memory data register is a storage area for data that is currently being transferred between the memory and the CPU. – The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle has three important stages. * FETCH – The CPU collects an instruction from the RAM * DECODE – The control unit figures out what to do with it. * EXECUTE – The instruction is carried out – The speed of an FDE cycle depends on how fast the processor is (the length of time it takes for the signals to be sent to the control bus, and how many T-cycles each assembly instruction takes to execute. Memory Random Access Memory is sometimes known as ‘main memory’. RAM is volatile, which means it loses all the stored information when the power is cut off. Some computers also use virtual memory, which is stored in the hard drive but acts like RAM, this is much slower than physical memory. Another type of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM) which can be written to but cannot be erased. Data Storage Devices – Floppy disk – can be written to and erased, 1.44Mb – CD ROM – Can be written to but not erased, 700Mb – Hard Drive – stores many Gigabytes, can be written to and erased – Zip Drive – can be written to and erased, 100 – 250Mb Terminals – Dumb Terminal – A dumb terminal has no processing capabilities as they have no memory or processor of their own, it has only a monitor, keyboard and mouse. They are connected to a central processor. – Intelligent Terminal – An intelligent terminal contains memory and a CPU and is a standalone device. It only has to connect to the central processor when needed. – Command to find terminal type – terminfo Input / Output Devices Dumb Terminal – Input – keyboard and mouse. – Output – monitor Intelligent Terminal – Input – keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen. – Output – monitor, printer, speakers Software Components Kernel The Kernel is the heart of the operating system, the lowest level or the central part. Communication with the hardware is through the kernel. In multi user operating systems it is the kernel’s job to keep each process and user separate and to organize access to the system hardware, including CPU, memory, disk and other I/O devices. Device Handlers A device is any piece if hardware that is used in an operating system. A device handler is a piece of software within the operating system that communicates with the devices and tells them what to do. This is part of the operating system that is responsible for servicing requests of the device request queue. Spoolers (Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line) Spooling is used when data is waiting to go to an output device after it has been processed. The data is placed into a queue so that the CPU can process something else instead of having to slow down to the speed of the output device. Spoolers are used on mainly old devices e.g. old printers that can only handle one job at a time User Interface This is how the user can view the data within the operating system. The main types of user interfaces are; the graphical user interface e.g. Windows and Command driven interface e.g. MS DOS and standard UNIX. The CDI was more complicated to use than a GUI as you would have to know certain commands to do very basic tasks. Bibliography Index http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/operating-system1.htm http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://www.canberra.edu.au/~sam/whp/unix-cmd.html http://cm.bell-labs.com/

The Future of Information Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Future of Information Assurance - Essay Example It needs a great deal of deeper layering of protection methods within the enterprise and globally it requires major developments to the fundamental information infrastructure in addition to extended collaboration across enterprise and national boundaries (techdigest, N.D). Since networked information systems become indispensable to present living, the need for information assurance in securing accessibility, reliability, and privacy for information become progressively more vital. As science and engineering technologies support the advancement of faster and more capable networks, it is important to develop information assurance concurrently. To advance the state of the art in technologies for future information assurance, it is important to foresee a better understanding of the science that manages networking and assurance, leading to novel technology approaches and a precise engineering discipline for information assurance (Lee and Gregg, 2005). Security measures are mainly concerned with the privacy, accessibility, integrity, and accuracy of an organization’s information and data transfers. Privacy indicates that the particular information can only be made obtainable to correct persons. Accessibility makes sure that data can be used at any established time, in agreed form and quality. Integrity means that data includes only agreed changes. Accuracy ensures the content, in which the designer’s identity is endorsed. In general, these are good enough to believe that organizations need to carry out their dealings within the scope of these standards to safe guard their intellectual property. The security strategy is the thrust behind the planning, accomplishment, and progress of suitable security design. Since the modern aspects of information technology are managed by global standards, security strategy and the consequential architectures are almost unique (Graf and Kneeshaw, N.D). When appraised with the notions of information security and information

Should Same-Sex Marriage be Legalized Worldwide Essay

Should Same-Sex Marriage be Legalized Worldwide - Essay Example Equality is fundamental and same sex marriages should also be constitutionally recognized. The definition of marriage should deviate from the ‘thicker’ religious perception to the ‘thin’ altered government definition to incorporate other marriages and enforce equality and respect for the rights of all people. The paper also argues that denying homosexuals rights to marriage is a denial of their rights in pursuit of happiness. Finally, it argues that though resistance could be high in other areas, the societies are slowly changing their perception and most nations have adopted or are in due process of recognizing same-sex marriages. Keywords: Homosexual, Same Sex Marriages, Straight Marriages, Heterosexual Marriages, Protections, Cultures, Beliefs, Equality, Pursuit of Happiness, Religion, Christian, Attitudes, Society, Rights, Government The issue of homosexuality has long history in the world. Its existence had always been suppressed by the social and political altitudes in the societies, which prevented the concerned parties from standing up for what they believed in. Allegedly, families have raised children and dictated what is needed of them. However, those who have demonstrated pure sexual attraction to people of the same gender have been condemned and are forced to change their preferences to suit others’ expectations. Some parents have gone far to reject their own children who choose to and uphold their position on same sex marriage. Cases of homosexuality can well be traced in the ancient times of Egyptians, Greeks and the Romans. Though not popular as in the contemporary world, the Christian dominated negative attitude of the same sex marriages has remained over time; the imposition of an Eskridge in the roman empire during the 4th century demonstrated the rising homosexual unions, which the empire w as

Successful characteristics of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Successful characteristics of leadership - Essay Example Additionally she is accessible and has been able to define herself, which is unlike her forerunners who were often defined by their husbands. Michelle Obama possesses some of the best characters that one requires to be a successful leader. This is not just depicted by her character but also in her diligent speeches. This paper focuses on Michelle Obama as leader. The paper demonstrates how she has managed to portray the key characteristics of a successful leader  by being compassionate, inspiring, and motivating. One of such character is her authenticity, which makes many follow her opinion easily and voluntarily. Whenever she makes a speech, it gains popularity such that it becomes the topic of discussion for quite some time. This is a great characteristic particularly in political arena. She is able to define what leadership entails by being a god leader herself. Another of Michelle’s character that demonstrates her leadership capability is her assertiveness. This is depicted by how she frankly discourses what she expects of others. By so doing, she is able to clearly reflect if others are achieving what she expects of them. This was demonstrated in her speech on what it means to be an American and a democrat. Additionally, she has been able to somehow convince the Americans that Obama is doing all he can to make things better and improve their lives. However, she has also been able to articulate what is expected of the Americans for this to be possible. She is very inspirational in both actions and speech. She often refers to her background when she argues that she came from a working class family. This helps people identify with her as someone who are willing to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. She motivates since she portrays herself as someone who rose from someone of little significance to one of the most influential persons in the world. By so doing, she mentors the less privileged that they also have an opportunity to rise from their

Assignment #2 - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

#2 - Case Study - Assignment Example army to caused skin burns and still births. Yes that is right; it was Dow that was actually responsible for â€Å"the Silent Spring†. Further, the company also owns the manufacturing unit that resulted in greatest industrial failure in the history, which lead to the death toll of over three thousand Indians in Bhopal; and it also left several unwanted problems for the next generations. One of the recent events that involved Dow Chemicals was discharge of industrial effluents into the air and water supplies in the vicinity of the company’s Midland complex in Michigan. Dow was held liable for violating Clean Air Act rules, and for disobeying the Clean Water Act. Further, the government also held the company for releasing harmful chemicals into the environment without a permit. The issue was brought to the considerations during 2006-07; however, after several delays and trials, the company agreed to pay $ 2.5 million in 2011, for the sake of compensation. In 2010 the annua l release of toxic compounds by Dow’s Midland facility was 275,912 pounds. According to an environmentalist based at the Michigan State University, the company earned a profit of $ 6.2 billion during the time while the production facility was discharging contaminants without permission (Weiss, 2008). The stakeholders include the people living in the vicinity of the production houses, the state that has allowed the company to operate, general public, media, the employees at Dow, and the Dow Chemical Company. People living close to these production houses are directly exposed to the harmful chemicals that released by these industrial units into the environment. These contaminants can have lethal effects on the population residing in the suburbs. In case of the recent activities, the major subjects under the exposure of contaminants were the residents of Midland, Michigan (Weiss, 2008). The side effects of these contaminants can be direct or indirect. The second stakeholder in

International Business strategy - NOKIA on global market Essay - 1

International Business strategy - NOKIA on global market - Essay Example Smartphone manufacturers are competing with each other in terms of implementing new technologies, gaining access to new market, advertising exposure and many others. Few Smartphone are doing legal battle with each other in terms of feature and application counterfeiting (for example Samsung paid huge amount to Apple after losing legal battle of counterfeiting of design and application of iPhone). Some companies are using Android operating system for their Smartphone’s while others are focusing on windows phone. Market saturation is higher for phones not acquired with contract. Fixed costs associated with smart phone market are high due to requirement of investing in latest technologies. Hence it can be concluded that market rivalry is high. Global Smartphone market condition can be explained in the following manner. In future Nokia will face specific threat from counterfeit products. Mobile manufacturers complemented by low resorce capabilities tend to imititate features and design of Smartphone manufacturered by reputed companies such as Nokia, Samsung and Apple. Impact of such threat will increase in future. Market players rely heavily on suppliers providing software and hardware integration. Influence of low cost Taiwanese suppliers is increasing in the mobile manufacturing industry. Foxconn is the Taiwanese supplier for Apple and HTC. Taiwanese suppliers supply HSPA or High Speed Packet Access, evolution data optimizer and touch screen panels to mid and high end Smartphone manufactures. Component source of Taiwanese Smartphone supply can be depicted by using following diagram. Operating systems such as BlackBerry OS, Windows Phone, Android and iOS are essential gears for Smartphone manufacturers. Smartphone manufacturers are relying heavily on their technological partners such as Google and Microsoft. Hence it can be inferred that supplier power is high. Nokia needs to follow respective government rule of different countries

History rock and roll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History rock and roll - Essay Example This was caused by the featuring of catchy grooves, hand-clapping, impulsive body moves and improvisational elements that swept all through. Sly& the Family Stone caught all lively and musical trends, resulting to a blend of Soul, Rock and Funk. The group has not only produce for, but also performed with black and white musicians just like Motown had incorporated white music into black radio stations. Sly and the Family Stone were driven by many cultural influences including Motown Sound among others. Sly had a short peak period, the least among its kind, falling both in value and critically. It was somewhat reported to be caused by rhythmically loose songs (Geels 1429). Brian Wilson postulates of his inspiration to make the record originating from the Beatles â€Å"Rubber Soul†, which presented the peak of his wave. Additionally, he successfully employed the use of inspiration from across to create a brilliant piece of amazing pop- Pet Sounds. Smiley Smile was a masterpiece, following suit like Pet Sounds- a contemporary classical that swept through, following the same

MGM600-0803B-02 Applied Managerial Decision-Making - Phase 1 Essay

MGM600-0803B-02 Applied Managerial Decision-Making - Phase 1 Discussion Board - Essay Example On the other hand, continuous data is the information that can be calculated using scale or continuum. Continuous data comprises all types of numerical and it can be subdivided to have a better understanding into units and sub units depending on the accuracy required for a measurement. Discrete data gives input whether a variable is good, bad, on or off while continuous data can be measured in time, size, length, width, cost and temperature. Money, time and temperature are continuous data. For example, when we measure a slab of equal size, slabs that do not comply with the specifications will be put aside and this would be discrete data because slabs are separated because it is not as per the specifications. Since the data is collected to measure the slabs of specific size, it is continuous data. This example involves the measure of continuous data but discrete data forms a part of it (Karthik, 2003, Continuous Data). The American Heart Association encourages the reduction of fat in food available in restaurants, bakers and in packaged form. The association basically promotes safe food and oil consumption and has set up the 1-800 numbers for consumers to clear their doubts about food safety thereby promoting healthy eating habits (American Heart Association Calls on the U.S., 2007). Some of the commonly asked question is advice on changing the snack eating habits of obese children. This question received at 1-800 was put up at SUNY Upstate Medical University Health Connections who suggested the child should be taken to the primary care provider since the child may have basic health problems which should be checked. If it is a case of general condition, parents are referred to avail information from Mayo Clinic through the online Health library of CNN. This is a discrete date because obesity of the child cannot be measured but can be called as obese (Are Evening Snacks OK?

Sale of Bodily Organs Essay Example for Free

Sale of Bodily Organs Essay Body is compared to equipment. Spiritualists proclaim that it is the vehicle and abode for the soul. Medical science has made great inroads in the field of reproducing human body parts. The research for compatible artificial organs has provided invaluable results in some areas. Transplantation surgery is one of the important and popular alternatives. This type of surgery has saved many lives. When it concerns the most precious thing a human being can aspire for—the life itself the resultant consequences have not proved to be good from the ethical standpoint. This trade is mostly dubious. So, the unscrupulous elements have joined this trade of high profits. Due to shortage of supply of the parts, they sell at extraordinary premium. The donors are mostly destitute and the recipients are rich. Those who sell the parts do it out of compulsion and in some cases coercion. Economic necessity is also the dominant factor as for those who are willing to sell their body parts. But the important poser is should a human being seek extension of his life on borrowed parts? The answer seems to be in the affirmative. Reason 1: More demand, less supply. Seeking extension of one’s life on borrowed parts is no sin. But how you seek, what you seek, is important. If you get the organ legally from a willing donor, there is nothing wrong. Such an action is twice-blessed. It blesses the donor as well as the recipient. Otherwise, the supply base of the organs needs a careful scrutiny. The demand for organs like kidney is very high. For those with a serious kidney problem, it is a life or death situation. In such a critical condition, it should be possible for a donor to sell one of his kidneys to save the patient. Such donations could either be with love or for cost. In cities, more than 95% of the kidney transplants are reported to have the commercial angle. Even in such cases, if the donation of kidney is done willingly with full knowledge of the consequences, there should be no legal bar for such an action. One is saving a life, the question of legal action arises only when one is out to injure, hurt or destroy a life. But the other side of the story makes a pathetic reading. According to a report, â€Å"The paid donors of India might fare better when compared to the Chinese prisoners who have their organs removed upon death. According to Human Rights Watch/Asia, about 2,000-3,000 organs a year are cut from the bodies of executed (as well as not-quite-dead) prisoners. The transplant service is readily available to top high ranking Party officials and cash-paying foreigners. In Hong Kong, for instance, only 50-60 kidneys are replaced each year, while the waiting list for transplant is around 500. †(Body parts†¦) Reason 2: It is a trade like the one in any other commodity. Many countries have clear written laws that prohibit the sale of organs. But why blame the trade of organs? Unscrupulous trade can be in any commodity. It is there in medicines, in cereals, in machinery parts, currency noteswith the original, there goes the duplicate! By manufacturing and selling spurious drugs, one is definitely harming people. But not by selling organs! Someone is bound to get the benefit—most probably his life. A school of thought strongly believes that the corpse, once with the pathologists should be used to the best advantage of a human being or humanity. The government hospitals, medical establishments, and those who are waiting for donations (paid or unpaid) need to get the benefit! Why ethics should stand in between such kind and humanitarian acts? Reason 3:-Human Rights: Apart from considering the issue from the angles of trade and environment, the question of human rights is also involved. The alleged profit seeking by the doctors is one thing. Doctors seek profit in other types of operations also, where organ is not an issue. It is also difficult to challenge their actions morally. They are acting to save the life of an individual. If poor individuals sell their body parts to fight poverty, they are within their rights to do so. If the surgeons remove tissues without reservations from the dead body, they do it for good scientific experiments and for the overall welfare of humanity. Conclusion: If one willfully commits the murder, he is liable for punishment as per the governing law. If a soldier shoots at the enemy and kills during the war, he is given gallantry award. Similar is the case with the sale and purchase of parts of the body. But clear ethical guidelines must be framed for such sale, even when the sale is legally permitted. The rights for the organs after a person dies should be clearly defined. International, trade of such parts must be done under a charter formulated and accepted by member countries of United Nations and World Health Organizations. With the rapidly growing demand for the organs, it is foolish to think that the sale/purchase of the organs can be stopped by legal means. It is no sin to seek extension of life on borrowed parts if one’s action is within the framework of ethics and law. More so, if it is accepted by the society!

In Depth Analysis Of The Globalisation Issue And Its Impact Business Essay

In Depth Analysis Of The Globalisation Issue And Its Impact Business Essay In this paper, Fischer provides an in depth analysis of the globalisation issue and its impact on trade, firms, employees, cultures and politics worldwide. From evolution of concept of globalisation to its adoption in even the lesser developing countries, Fischer has provided a detailed account of developments that occurred over time in field of human and economy development. Fischer has also included the analysis of policy impacts on enhancement of global trade and employment and several developing regions like Africa, Tunisia, Indonesia and Turkey have been discussed which not only includes political but cultural aspects that affect globalisation. The paper is an important input towards understanding globalisation, its impacts on emerging economies and impact of political, cultural and technological developments on globalisation. UNCTAD. (2004). Development and Globalisation: Facts and Figures. United Nations Publications. [Online] Available from http://unctad.org/en/docs/gdscsir20041_en.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] The research paper by UNCTAD presents a detailed survey of developing economies from perspective of globalisation. UNCTAD has selected data from various regions around the world including Northern African states, Central and South American states and Asia. The economic development has been measured in terms of trade policies, FDI, trade figures and other external factors. Also the social and cultural developments in terms of education and other social factors have also been observed in the report. The report is rather a quantitative input to the project as it includes facts and figures regarding globalisation issues in countries including Algeria which is the main focus of the research. Rothenberg, L. E. (2003). The three tensions of Globalisation. The American forum for Global education. [Online] Available from http://www.globaled.org/issues/176.pdf [Accessed 15 August, 2010] Rothenberg presents a critical analysis of globalisation and its perception in various cultures. Three main dimensions or rather tensions of globalisation are investigated in this study: Individual versus societal choices, free market versus government intervention and local authority versus supra-local authority. The paper gives an interesting perspective on globalisation and its affect on various national cultures that will eventually affect organizational culture. The research thus, is a valuable input in interpreting various cultural and economical challenges associated with globalisation. Stiglitz, J. E. (2003). Globalisation and its discontents. W. W. Norton The book by Stiglitz is a critical opponent of disadvantages associated with concept of globalisation and manipulation of global rules and regulations by developed countries or richer participants. The book provides a detailed analysis of under developed nations and developing nations who participated in globalisation process to gain from it but due to the fundamental believe of free markets and austere policies of institutions like IMF, only wealthy nations and participants have gained from globalisation instead of poor and developing nations. The book is a valuable input towards critical analysis of globalisation concept as it gives a candid and realistic view of negative aspects of globalisation. Boudreaux, D. J. (2008). Globalisation. Greenwood Publishing Group The book from Boudreaux is based on the concept of globalisation and its various aspects. The book is a complete guide towards understanding of globalisation concepts and difficulties that participants of global economy face in complex world of Multinationals. Issues like international trade, national wealth disparity, foreign investment and geographical and cultural issues are discussed in the book with relevant issues that international firms face in foreign countries. The book also includes positive as well as negative contributions of globalisation that have been provided over time to developed and developing economies. Henry, C. M and Springborg, R. (2001). Globalisation and the Politics of Development in Middle East. Cambridge University Press In their book, Henry and Springborg present a detailed analysis of challenges affiliated with globalisation and the politics of country. For the case study purpose, authors have selected Middle East where democratization is nil compared to other cultures around the globe. The authors have discussed several challenges that global firms face while setting up operations in countries of Middle East which has monarchs as rulers and thus, the level of educational and social development is a great hindrance for human resource departments. The authors then further go on with study of different cultures and their political situations and deduct a direct relationship between political structure and implementation of globalisation. Banerjee, D and Goldfield, M. (2008). Labor, Globalisation and the State: workers, women and migrants confront neo-liberalism. Routledge The book by Banerjee and Goldfield revolves around the issue of neo-liberal globalisation and how it has affected the developed as well as developing economics around the globe. The research in the book revolves around one main developed economy of United States and one developing economy of India. Banerjee and Goldfield highlight the misconceptions about globalisation regarding liberalized labor market and capital markets and posit that globalisation has varying effects on labor market in practice. The book also emphasizes on negative effects of globalisation on system of wage fixation, employment pattern, and basic rights at work in both developed, as well as underdeveloped countries. The book is a valuable input in understanding the labor issues which later affect the human resource practices in international communities. ILO. (2004). A Fair globalisation: Creating opportunities for all. ILO Publications. [Online] Available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/wcsdg/docs/report.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] International Labor Offices report on globalisation is a struggle towards pushing governments around the world to embrace the concept of global economy for progress and improvement of economies worldwide. The report emphasizes on establishing open policies towards globalisation and how it can help boost the trade between nations thereby, resulting in improved infrastructure, technology and human resource. The report also presents views and stances of various regions like Africa, Asia, Latin America and Arab nations regarding global standards and suggests universal efforts for successful transition in trade, technology and labor from local to global level. The report also demands for a fair governance system in globalisation policies while holding departments of parliament and governing councils accountable for maintain fair system. Crafts, N. (2000). Globalisation and Growth in the Twentieth century. IMF. [Online] Available from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0044.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] The paper by Crafts is a review of past few years as globalisation spread to various economies around the globe and left its positive as well as some negative effects. Although negative effects of income disparity and economic divergence has emerged along with globalisation. However, remarkable growth has been seen in human development index specifically skill and literacy rate. This report explores contributions that have been made by globalisation, future prospects of where economies around world are heading due to this phenomenon and lastly, what if any globalisation backlashes are expected over the coming decades. The report is a valuable input in studying empirical impacts of globalisation on various regions around the globe. Wen, D. (2006). China copes with Globalisation: A mixed review. IFG. [Online] Available from http://www.ifg.org/pdf/FinalChinaReport.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The report by Wen is an empirical analysis of Chinese economy after entering the era of globalisation. Wen covers almost all aspects of globalisation from policies to urban reforms, impact on quality of life, education and environment including cultural aspects, labor reforms and workforce attitude. The report provides a thorough review of effects of globalisation in economy of China which is relevant to this study as the cultural differences between China and other developed nations such as U.S. and Japan are enormous and therefore, it will be easy to relate to difficulties of cultural context in Algeria due to globalisation. Kremer, M and Maskin, E. (2006). Globalisation and Inequality. Harvard University The paper presented by Kremer and Maskin is a theoretical approach towards understanding the criticism on Globalisation regarding widening the gap of education and money between poor and rich. Kremer and Maskin support the notion that due to several constraining factors like lack of access to education and skill learning, globalisation mainly benefits the rich both in rich and poor economies while the poor can only benefit if he by any means increase his skill or education level. The research includes evidences from several developed and developing nations like China, India, United States and Japan and confers that the concept of globalisation is more complicate than implicated and thus, requires careful consideration by developing or under developed nations before its implementation. ILO. (2001). Human Resources Development, Employment, and Globalisation in hotel, catering and tourism sector. International Labor Organization. [Online] Available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/tmhct01/tmhct-r.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The concept of globalisation is widely applicable in industries of hotel, catering and tourism that are in a way interrelated. The report by ILO presents a comprehensive review of hotel and tourism industry which is boosted by globalisation as cross-border travelling increased overtime. According to ILO, the most positively affected sector in this case is the employment sector where employment level and skills of employees have tremendously increased due to global travelling. The inter country interactions with tourists and guests have led local firms to develop training and education programs for their employees which gives development opportunities for both men and women, thereby, affecting the culture as well. The study will be an important input in studying the impact of globalisation of human resource development and culture of developing nations. Yusoff, M. S. (2003). Globalisation and Human Resource Development in the Malaysian Public Sector. UN. [Online] Available from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/EROPA/UNPAN014373.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] Yusoff in his report presents the globalisation approach adopted by Malaysian public sector to avoid consequences of income inequality and win-lose situation between developed and developing countries as conceived by various critics. Yusoff studies various initiatives that Malaysian government has taken in development of its human work force such as remuneration policies that support growth and productivity and can be rewarded accordingly, career development strategies to increase motivation for learning and performance in employees and global training and development programs for locals to adjust to globalisation demands. The study is a valuable effort that provides factors and strategies that can combat negative consequences of globalisation. NATIONAL ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE Kefela, G. T. (2010). Understanding Organizational Culture and Leadership- Enhance Efficiency and Productivity. PM World Today. [Online] Available from http://www.pmforum.org/library/papers/2010/PDFs/jan/FP-KEFELE-Managingorganizationalcultures.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] This paper by Kefela revolves around importance of organizational culture in creating effective leadership and shaping the approach of employees towards their goals. A strong organization of efficiency and productivity is created by cultures that promote as well as support structures and policies which lead management into taking actions that can enhance productivity of employees through suitable job designs, hierarchy of command and delegation of authority. The paper by Kefela is an important input in understanding culture separately as well as in organizational context. Also the importance of organizational culture as emphasized in paper is relevant to study of global HRM where clashes between national and organizational cultures are observed. Michailova, S and Hutchings, K. (2004). Knowledge Sharing and National culture: A comparison between China and Russia. Journal of Management Studies [Online] Available from http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7306/knowledge%20sharing%20and%20national%20culture.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed August 14, 2010] The research report by Michailova and Hutchings is an analytical approach towards understanding the cultural approaches in transitional economies of China and Russia and how national culture affects the processes of organizations such as knowledge sharing. The cultural aspects of vertical individualism and collectivism in these two countries definitely affect the way organizations and especially international operate. The authors have investigated the differences in national cultures of Russia and China and then empirically analyzed how the difference in cultures affect the perceptions of management in firms regarding knowledge sharing which is an essential element in business today. Yeganeh, M. E. (2006). The impact of National and organizational culture on information technology (IT). [Online] Available from http://www.nlai.ir/Portals/2/files/faslname/69/en_content.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Yeganeh in this paper discusses the increasing importance of national and organizational culture on Information technology and over all global operations. According to Yeganeh, as the world moves towards a global end, use of information technology is also increasing leading to dependency of foreign firms on information technology. However, the national culture prevailing in host country often causes hindrance to achievement of such transfer of knowledge. The paper intends to provide a detailed overview of national culture as well as organizational culture which is believed to overcome any hindrances created by national culture if strong enough and therefore, provides a comprehensive account of various issues like culture and globalisation. Edwards, T and Kuruvilla, S. (2005). International HRM: national business systems, organizational politics and the international division of labor in MNCs. International Journal of Human Resource Management. Vol 16. No. 1. [Online] Available from http://org8220renner.alliant.wikispaces.net/file/view/Edwards.pdf [Accessed August 12, 2010] In this journal article, Edwards and Kuruvilla discussed the issue of national and organizational culture that has been faced by managers of global firms as they enter another country. The concept of International HRM though is a powerful tool to cater to national culture needs as well as organizational goals, yet is difficult to implement as the management often ignores the importance of national culture and its effects on employees while implementing global standards. Edwards and Kuruvilla stressed the need for focus on three main dimensions of national culture that might affect implementation of global HRM: internal organizational politics, inadequate conceptualization of national effects and internal division of labor in MNCs. Rutkowska, A. L. (2009). The impact of national and organizational culture on the cooperation of firms a supply chain perspective. Journal of Intercultural Management. Vol. 1. No. 2. [Online] Available from http://www.joim.pl/pdf/Laskowska-Rutkowska2.pdf [Accessed August 12, 2010] In this journal article, Rutkowska emphasizes on importance of global chain of knowledge and sharing of technology and how various factors affect the efficient process of globalisation. Among several factors, national and organizational factors are the most important factors that not only affect organizations output but its resources like employees as well. Rutkowska has selected supply chain as focus technology which is strongly affected by culture as it requires elements of partnership, cooperation, negotiations and information transfer. The article explains in detail various perspectives of national and organizational culture and how organizational culture needs to dominate when it comes to globalized operations. Yintsuo, H. (2007). Relationships between National Cultures and Hofstede Model, and Implications for a Multinational Enterprise. Asia Pacific Management Conference. [Online] Available from http://infotech.monash.edu.au/research/centres/cdsesr/papers-pdf/t145.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] This article by Yintsuo draws relationship between real life examples from MNCs existing in high power distance countries like China, Taiwan and Thailand and low power distance countries like United States and Canada. The study is empirical in nature and provides a detailed analysis of effect of national culture on MNCs in that country and how organizational culture can help management in eliminating cultural risk. The five dimensions of culture were used in the study including power distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty avoidance and Long-term orientation. Hofstede model of cultural dimension is an important input in study of globalisation and particularly impact of culture in it and therefore, this article gives a significant input in this study. Murphy, W. H. (1999). Hofstedes National Culture as a Guide for Sales Practices across Countries: The Case of a MNCs Sales Practices in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Management. Vol. 24, No. 1. [Online] Available from http://www.agsm.edu.au/eajm/9906/pdf/murphy.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] This journal article is another significant contribution towards understanding role of national culture in affecting global operations of firms in host country. Murphy in his research has different implications than Yintsuos and Rutkowskas research as he implies that MNCs need to alter their strategies according to local markets especially when considering sales training as applying foreign practices results in more resistance and risks compared to advantages and gains. The research paper by Murphy can be used as a counter argument in research as organizational culture is given least importance in the project. Mowat, J. (2002). Corporate Culture. Herridge Group. [Online] Available from http://www.herridgegroup.com/pdfs/corp_cultures.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The paper by Mowat emphasizes on importance of organizational or corporate culture to employees as well as management in order to successfully operate and achieve desired goals. Unlike researchers who place greater emphasis on national culture, Mowat places corporate culture in higher regard as any misunderstanding in corporate culture can damage the profitability and success rate of firms. Corporate culture is an important aspect in Human Resource Management as HR personnel are always expected to mold or persuade employees to achieve maximum benefits for the firm. The paper by Mowat therefore, gives a useful account of internal culture of organizations that build a strong solution for international firms struggling with diversity issues. Fey, C. F. and Denison, D. R. Organizational Culture and effectiveness: The case of foreign firms in Russia. [Online] Available from http://swoba.hhs.se/hastba/papers/hastba2000_004.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] Fey and Denison present an empirical paper on importance of cultural context in countries like Russia which significantly differ in cultural context from that of U.S. or Japan. The researchers, based on the inflexible nature of Russians and turbulent political and social environment of country, have tried to investigate the effects of international Human resource and social frameworks on Russian individuals. Based on these frameworks and empirical research from international firms operating in Russia, Fey and Denison have analyzed common elements in cultures of U.S. and Russia which results in positive existence of foreign firms while dissimilar cultural factors result in discontent attitude of Russians towards foreign firms. KObonyo, P. (2007). Influence of Culture on Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Practices in Multinational Companies (MNC) in Kenya: A Critical Literature Review. University of Nairobi. [Online] Available from http://www.strathmore.edu/research/strategic-human-resource-mgt.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] The paper investigates misperception of some theorists that application of Strategic Human Resource management is the key solution to diversity management in MNCs. The author asserts that organizational culture though provide a uniform framework and goals for employees in international firms yet national culture in some countries specifically developing nations hold great significance and therefore, it is important to understand perception of workers regarding their national identity to ensure that there is no clash between national and organizational culture. The researcher has also implemented Hofstedes cultural dimensions framework to international firms in Kenya in order to understand the strong influence of culture on them. Guidroz, A. M., Kotrba, L. M and Denison, D. R. (2009). Workplace Diversity: Is National or Organizational Culture Predominant? Linkage Inc. [Online] Available from http://www.linkageinc.com/thinking/linkageleader/Documents/Denison_Consulting_Workplace_Diversity_Is_National_or_Organizational_Culture_Predominant.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] This report by Guidroz, Kotrba and Denison is an important contribution towards understanding an important aspect of Human Resource Management under globalisation: Work place diversity. The report emphasizes on emergence of concept of diversity management which is implemented by managers of international firms to deal with the local and international workforce. The report also studies the impact of national and organizational culture on perceptions of employees regarding their treatment under foreign firms as culture shapes individuals perceptions. The report is a significant addition to literature review as it covers all aspects of globalisation including HR policies and frameworks, workforce issues and diversity management. Ghauri, P. N and Usunier, J. C. (2003). International Business Negotiations. Edward Elgar Publishing. This book is another contribution towards issues of international business which is everywhere in todays world. The authors have emphasized on two major aspects of globalisation: culture and communication that significantly affects business dealings and negotiations which are integral parts of International business. The authors discuss in detail the concept of international business negotiation and its importance, cultural dimensions that affect negotiations and guidelines to international managers based on real life examples and case studies from different cultures. The book is an important input in understanding concept of globalisation and factors of negotiations that initiate the global business. Silverthorne, C. P. (2003). Organizational psychology in cross-cultural perspective. NYU Press. Silverthorne in this book has emphasized on the differences between various cultures and how human psychology varies from nation to nation depending on culture of that nation. This aspect of culture also affects the organizational culture of MNCs and international firms who aim at implementing similar psychological theories in each nation. The author has covered various aspects of Human Resource Development in the book including leadership, motivation, conflict and power, negotiation and communication that managers face in foreign nations and with their employees. The book covers all essential elements of globalisation and HR factors affecting its implementation. GLOBALISATION AND ITS EFFECTS Rioux, S. M., Bernthal, P. R and Wellins, R. S. (2000). The development of Human Resource practices survey report. Development Dimensions International. Vol 3. No. 1. [Online] Available from http://www.ddiworld.co.uk/pdf/theglobalisationofhrpractices_fullreport_ddi.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Rioux, Bernthal and Wellins have presented a paper pertaining to several HR issues that surround managers in this global world and analyze the issue by observing HR practices of managers around the globe. The report also emphasize on issue of national and corporate culture which often gives organizations a hard time in adjustment in other countries. Leadership adjustment, recruitment, local differences with culture and training and development are few HR issues that managers face in host countries. The authors also emphasize on the social, economic, cultural and political differences that limit the consistent HR practices by a firm across globe. The report helps in understanding the difference between corporate and national culture and what role these factors play in global context. Cesyniene, R. (2008). Globalisation and Human Resource Development. Economika. [Online] Available from http://www.leidykla.eu/fileadmin/Ekonomika/82/41-56.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The article by Cesyniene represents negative effects of globalisation on Human Resource Practices of firms operating outside their home country. The author appreciates the positive aspects of globalisation such as free trade and technology flows cross borders leading to competitive business environment. However, the establishment of business outside home country involves several other problems like national culture differences and thus different personality traits of employees. The author compares cultures of economies like U.S., U.K, France, Japan and Lithuania where differences in cultures lead to perception differences in terms of compensation, reward, working conditions, delegation of authority, training and social interactions within firms. Poor, J. (2005). Internationalization and Globalisation in Human Resource Management. [Online] Available from http://kgk.bmf.hu/system/files/Poor.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] In this paper Poor presented the concept of International HRM (IHRM) which emerged as a result of globalisation. Poor posited that internationalization of firms requires all operational and marketing activities to be delivered in consensus with local culture and market etiquettes and therefore, the HR practices need to be global as well to avoid the chaos of national and international culture and its adoption difficulties. Poor distinguishes clearly between local and international HRM and thus, provide a detailed analysis for foreign firms to operate under a global framework of HRM that can reduce cultural, employment and operational risks in foreign country. Tomlinson, J. (2003). Globalisation and Cultural Identity.GT Reader. [Online] Available from http://www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/GTReader2eTomlinson.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Tomlinson in this paper presented an argumentative analysis in favor of globalisation and its positive impacts on cultural identities. The paper is presented to counter the criticisms of various researchers over negative impacts of globalisation on cultural identities whether in organizations or marketing campaigns or even products. Tomlinson considers national identity as a strong cultural point which is highlighted by globalisation instead of being crushed and thus, rejects the notion of critics of globalisation. According to the paper, Tomlinson suggests that globalisation brings with it modernity and updated reflections upon life which positively enhances cultural identity whether it is in form of modern organizational practices or products for consumers. Goyal, K. A. (2006). Impact of globalisation on developing countries: with special reference to India. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. [Online] Available from http://www.eurojournals.com/IRJFE%206%20goyal.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] This paper by Goyal intends to study the effect of three major policies of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalisation on developing countries economies. This impact is studied on basis of Foreign Direct Investment and export and import trades in countries like China and India and implies that LPG itself is a progressing concept however; the wrong selection of policies is what makes an economy suffer from dark side of globalisation. The paper is an important input in understanding the effects of globalisation and assessing factors that positively or negatively align a countrys strategies to positive effects of globalisation. Eregare, E. A and Afolabi, A. O. (2009). The Effects of Globalisation and Deregulation on Nigerian Culture Industries. Journal of Social Sciences. Vol 21. No.2. [Online] Available from http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-21-0-000-09-Web/JSS-21-2-000-09-Abst-PDF/JSS-21-2-145-09-360-Eregare-E-A/JSS-21-2-145-09-360-Eregare-E-A-Tt.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The report by Eregare and Afolabi critically analyzes the effects of Globalisation on Nigerias culture. Where the authors appreciate the economical growth that has been spurred by globalisation and privatization, they also become cautious of the penetrations in Nigerian cultures that globalisation has made possible for other nations. The authors consider American and European cultures as strong ones compared to Nigerian culture and thus, warn against the takeover of one culture by another. The report provides a fair evaluation of effects of globalisation as both negative and positive aspects are discussed by authors. Pickering, J. (2002). Globalisation: a threat to Australian culture? Journal of Australian Political Economy. [Online] Available from http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/jape48_3.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Pickering positively analyzes cultural changes in Australia that have been brought by globalisation both in consumers as well as in employees. Despite the criticisms of anti-globalisation personnel, Pickering points out various positive changes brought by globalisation, for instance, improved skills of employees, modern technology, promotion of human rights and modern culture. The paper is an additional evidence of positive contributions of globalisation towards national culture as well as organizational culture. Lee, E and Vivarelli, M. (2006). The Social Impact of Globalisation in Developing Countries. FTP Institute for the Study of Labor. [Online] Available from http://ftp.iza.org/dp1925.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] Research by Lee and Vivarelli is another negative perspective in popularity of globalisation as the researchers condemn surety of successful globalisation in every case. Lee and Vivarelli have analyzed globalisation in context of FDI and trade increases where according to their research, FDI and open trade alone cannot bring positive effects on economy. Another perspective of concentrated employment is used in the paper which emerges as result of different demographics, education level and cultures of countries and therefore, can result in increased poverty. Similarly, increased imports can affect the local industries affecting employment as well poverty level. The paper provides limited yet strong evidence on effects of globalisation. Campe, C. V. (2008). Globalisation and its effects on nationalism. [Online

Araby By James Joyce And A Sun :: essays research papers

â€Å"Araby" by James Joyce and "A Sunrise On The Veld" by Doris Lessing are both short stories in which the protagonists gained a consciousness that was beyond themselves. The main characters are both initiated into new realities and truths of which they were not previously aware. Both short stories will be examined with reflections according to the type of initiation that was experienced, the nature of the narrators, the similar and dissimilar aspects of both characters and various components of the short stories. In the two stories, both characters were experiencing an initiation or awareness of new actualities that were outside of themselves. The main characters both painfully learned that this initiation was beyond their control. It was impossible for them to ignore the new realities which they both came to understand. The new found awareness was so powerful that it changed each boy’s entire outlook and they both began to see the world through new eyes. The type of initiation both characters had was a distressing journey from innocence to knowledge and experience. The two narrators had different attitudes and reactions to the initiation experience. In Araby, the reader learns of the boy’s initiation in the final sentence: "Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; andmy eyes burned with anguish and anger." The character had a negative reaction to his new awareness. His realization caused him to have feelings of shame, anguish and anger. He was possessed and controlled by his passion for Mangan’s older sister. His ideals of the girl were not realistic but were futile and vain. The girl drew out feelings in him and he discovered that feelings must be reciprocated and the downside that love can also be painful. Heh ad a difficult time accepting his own weakness. He was in distress because he had stopped for a moment and gazed up into the darkness and realized that his p revious feelings were wonderful but the only reality existed in his feelings. It had no existence beyond how he felt and the understanding of this was painful for the character. The protagonist of â€Å"A Sunrise On The Veld† was more accepting towards his experience of initiation than that of the character in Araby. The boy’s attitude was stoical: "...this is how life goes one, by living things dying in anguish." His feelings were of acceptance.

A College Student’s Approach to Courtly Love Essay -- Relationships Li

A College Student’s Approach to Courtly Love The term "courtly love" is a highly ambiguous one. As it applies to works of literature, it spans over hundreds of years and over a half dozen countries. Hence finding its specific literary and allegorical definition and impact on literature is difficult. It is important to understand the roots of courtly love. To do so means that one gains a greater understanding of the most foundational element of any society- the relationship between men and women. If a student of literature holds only a vague understanding of courtly love, then he or she holds only a vague understanding of medieval culture. In turn when this student moves on to various other periods of British literature, they will have a nearly impossible time determining in what ways the dynamics of romantic relationships and marriage have changed. In this paper I will work to find a concise yet comprehensive definition for courtly love that may be useful to students of literature. Additionally I will explore the impact of courtly love on the literature in which it makes appearances. Finally I will examine the contemporary understanding of this term and how it is relevant to contemporary times. Gaston Paris first coined the term "amour courteious" in 1883. In this, it is clear that the French have had a tremendous impact on the spread of this phenomenon in literature (as with the French troubadours). Courtly love certainly functions on two levels. We must distinguish these two uses of the word- to describe experience and to denote a genre. In the first it is a set of codes that regulates the interaction between two lovers. There are set rules that were often unspoken at the time. In this sense it is not so much a term ... ...e if we have no starting point? Women searching for liberation from social customs and restrictions cannot find it without empathizing with those who came before them. Inner conflicts between human nature and social well being that men experience must be dealt with in some way. If he knows the attempts proposed before him, he can save time and effort in reserving from investing in these. For any reader of any time period of the courtly love tradition, these questions and should remain in mind. The answers may give us a new direction to move in as we reread the classics and write our own. Works Cited Ford, Boris. Medieval Literature. Part Two: The Eurpean Inheritance. New York, 1983. O’Donogue, Bernard. The Courtly Love Tradition. New Jersey, 1982. Stevens, J.E. Medieval Romance. London, 1973. Zumthor, Paul. Speaking of the Middle Ages. Lincoln, 1986.

The Divine Comedy vs. Paradise Lost Essays -- essays research papers

Full Circle – from Sin to Salvation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Great works of literature have been written throughout history. However, The Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost have the inept ability to stir the soul and cause a person to examine and re-examine their life. The brilliant descriptions, use of imagery, metaphor and simile give a person a vivid picture of the creation of man and the possibilities for life in the hereafter. This is done, as a person is able to see, full circle, from the beginning of time to the end of time, the consequences of turning away from God. The ability to see a life full circle is apparent through the examination of both of these poems. Although written many years ago, the morals and principles that they convey ring very true for people in this century as well as times yet to come. The Divine Comedy, written in the 14th century by Dante Alighieri, is a heroic epic. Throughout Dante’s literary work, he outlines his scientific understandings of the world, his political views and provides the reader with a moral compass and spiritual map of which to follow. This poem is written in three parts, Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradisio, each of which is broken down into individual cantos. Inferno includes 34 cantos, whereas Purgatrio and Paradiso each contain 33 cantos, however, the first canto of Inferno is really an introduction to the poem. The primary characters in Dante’s poem include himself, who is also the narrator, Virgil, a poet he has admired, who serves as his guide through most of the first two sections, and finally, Beatrice, his inspiration, who greets him at Paradisio and escorts him through the remainder of his journey. Dante experiences a vision, at the age of 35, after experiencing traumatic events in his hometown of Florence. The events that are occurring in Florence at the time are associated with papal corruption and cause Dante to be forced into exile. Following the vision, which confirms to Dante that he has strayed from the right path in life, Dante begins his travel through the three realms, which contain the possible consequences following a person’s death. Dante’s journey begins on Good Friday, when he is escorted to the gates of Hell, moves to Purgatory and ends in Heaven. However, an escort accompanies him for duration of his journey. Virgil, who Dante has long admired, escorts Dante through Hell and... ...or not to obey the Father in the partaking of the fruit. Faith becomes a common theme through questions that are answered within the poems. Raphael answers Adam and reveals the meaning and importance of faith. The same thing occurs in Dante’s poem when St. Peter gives him information. In Milton’s poem we see and feel that the character of Eve is somehow not as important as the character of Adam. This is evident in the way Adam is consulted while Eve is left to herself in times of important conversations. In Book eight, Adam says that Eve is â€Å"th’ inferior, in the mind and inward faculties.† (Paradise Lost, book 8, line 317-318) Eve is a submissive character in Paradise Lost. On the other hand, Beatrice, in Dante’s The Divine Comedy, is a strong character and leads Dante. The use of numbers is very important in Dante’s poem as the number three reveals itself several times as well as the number seven. This is not a characteristic found in Paradise Lost. Both poems inspire their reader to look at their own life. In addition, they treat the reader to a full serving of historic literature that not only entertains, but also teaches valuable lesson in the form of morals and principles.

Monogamy

In this society, it is usually assumed that one is either single or in some form of monogamous relationship. At best, it is sometimes considered acceptable to play the field if one is not in a committed relationship. If one is in a committed relationship, it is with one person only, and any sexual and/or romantic involvement outside the relationship is cheating. Both of these situations, playing the field and cheating are still often subject to the classic double standard of being more acceptable for men and women. Long before written history, primitive clans and tribes were living within small, highly inter-dependent social structures. Many of these groups had some type of ceremony marking the forming of a union or marriage between two opposite sex partners. It appears that since we began living in structured social groups, humans have adhered to the belief that formal unions of two people work best for maintaining a healthy, functioning society. Within different societies, independent unions of two people were considered the best way to secure food and shelter, defend against outside aggressors, and raise offspring. As societies evolved, the marriage bond took on increased significance within each culture. One of the most universal aspects of the marriage union to be perpetuated cross-culturally was monogamy. Yet despite this proclivity towards marriage, and insistence that the marriage partners remain monogamous, human beings have been engaging in non-monogamous activities throughout history. We know that â€Å"extramarital affairs† have been going on since the advent of the socially sanctioned union. Our historical concern about affairs is evident in the inclusion of extramarital affairs as one of the sins mentioned in the Ten Commandants. The fact that affairs are wrong, even considered to be a sin has been ingrained into us through our social, cultural and religious upbringing. Yet despite the social and religious disapproval of them, they have been an ever present phenomenon for us to deal with. So why are so many people having affairs despite such powerful social and religious doctrines against them The fact is that there have been as many reasons given for affairs as there are people engaging in them. Some of these include dissatisfaction with the marital relationship, emotional emptiness, need for sexual variety, inability to resist new sexual opportunity, anger at a partner, no longer being â€Å"in love†, alcohol or drug addiction, growing apart, desire to get a partner jealous. Some people have even said that human beings simply can’t maintain monogamous sexual relationships over long periods of time because it â€Å"isn’t natural†. If this is true, if there is a biological reason preventing us from accomplishing our goal of remaining in a monogamous relationship, than we are condemning ourselves to continued personal and social failure by continuing to pursue these types of relationships. On the other hand, despite the fact that affairs have been a problem for married couples throughout history, and that there appears to be an increasing number of affairs at this time, we probably know that human nature is not to blame. At least not in the traditional sense. Maybe our liking towards affairs is more a symptom of our inability to find satisfaction in our long-term relationships because of the expectations we place on them in the first place, then any biological drive towards multiple sexual partners. Possibly our inability to remain â€Å"in love† with our partners as we grow and mature and our life circumstances change is what drives us to look for another intimate relationship. The loss of that high level of passion and desire that existed in the beginning of the relationship may result in boredom or develop into a feeling of apathy towards the partner. Combined with all of the other stresses and complexities of long term relationships, such as financial problems, raising children, job changes, death of family members, change in status, etc. , the loss of passion may lead to a desire to rediscover it in a new relationship. So it may not be the desire to experience the new or forbidden sexual relationship, but rather the need to re-experience the intense level of passion and the feeling of being in love which leads to affairs. Therefore, extramarital affairs may be the result of an inability to maintain a satisfying emotional relationship with a partner over a long period of time, and not due to a need for sexual variety. Possibly our need for intense emotional experiences leads to a desire to rediscover the feelings that come at the start of a new love relationship. Whether it is our expectation that passion remain or our inability to maintain passion easily in long term relationships, the loss of it appears to be a major factor in the initiation of affairs. Once initiated, the high level of passion experienced in affairs appears to be a powerful component in the maintaining them. If the interpersonal relationship was satisfying for both partners, and passion was still an integral part of the relationship, the need to experience diversified or new sexual partners may not exist. Some people feel that their diminished â€Å"feelings† for their partner led them to become involved in the extramarital relationship. Specifically, many people in marriages unappreciated ignored, sexually frustrated and no longer desirable to their partners. They almost invariably say that they are no longer â€Å"in love† with their partners and lack the level of intimacy that they once had. In almost all marriages the member of an affair says that they feel â€Å"more alive†, â€Å"more sexually appealing† and â€Å"more appreciated† by their lovers than by their spouses. Extramarital affairs based solely on desire for a new sexual partner is a very small percentage of the total number of affairs. ( ) Majority of extramarital affairs are based emotional needs not being met within the marital relationship, and not sexually motivated reasons. Therefore, it appears that the allure of extramarital affairs is not new sexual experiences, nor are they due to any biological inability to remain monogamous, but rather what drives many individuals is a lack of emotional fulfillment within the existing relationship. The indication is that the desire for a new sexual experience is not the initial motive for looking outside the marriage, but rather comes after the breakdown of the emotional relationship. Only then, after there has been an eroding of the interpersonal relationship, including a loss of passion, lack of intimacy, and loss of emotional and sexual satisfaction, the dissatisfied partner looks for a new lover to fulfill their needs. This does not mean that the sexual passion experienced within an affair is not part of the driving force that maintains affairs. It is possible that the patterns of behavior that lead to affairs may be very different than the patterns that maintain them. There are several factors that may be responsible for the maintenance of extramarital affairs that were never considered before. These factors may be responsible for the high level of arousal experienced by people involved in affairs, the obsessive pre-occupation that many individuals in affairs report experiencing, and the inability to end an affair even when confronted with negative or devastating personal and social consequences. The extramarital affair is a far more complex relationship than the media often portrays it. Unlike Hollywood’s portrayal of affairs, real â€Å"triangles† involve a great deal of guilt, confusion, anxiety, and pain. In the end all members of the triangle are affected, for better or worse. Whether the marriage survives or the lovers form a new couple, everyone involved in the â€Å"triangle† will have been dramatically and permanently affected by the extramarital experience. Monogamy has become such a popular topic in society today. There are so many books that are being published about monogamy so married couples can somehow deal with it. â€Å"The Monogamy Myth†, which was published as a handbook for recovering from affairs, provides a step-by-step process for dealing with suspicion and confrontation. This book also mentions the pain of knowing, rebuilding self-esteem, rebuilding trust based on honesty, getting help, facing marriage/divorce dilemma, and living with the decision. The Monogamy Myth is the belief that monogamy is the norm in our society and that it is supported by society as a whole. The reality is that monogamy is not the norm, not by todays standards, anyway. Most of us expect monogamy to be a normal part of marriage (or any committed relationship). This was certainly my assumption through my childhood. I grew up with no first-hand knowledge of affairs and no idea that it would be a subject of my concern. Monogamy is still something most people say they believe in and want for themselves. I still believe in monogamy and think its attainable. But achieving it calls for making some drastic changes in everyones thinking.

Ana Code of Ethics Summary

Introduction There are nine provisions included in the ANA code of ethics. The provisions can be broken Into three categories. The first category Is the nurse's ethical responsibilities to her patient which is provisions one through three. Second is the nurse's obligation to herself, provisions four through six. The third ethical requirement for nurses Is related to their relationship to the nursing profession, community, nation, and world overall. This focus is summarized in provisions seven through nine [ (AmericanNurses Association, 2013) J. Provisions 1-3 The first three provisions relate to the nurse's responsibility to treat everyone with dignity and respect regardless of that Individual's background, ethnicity, or the nature or severity of their illness, as well as making the patient the primary concern and advocating for them. There Is absolutely no room for discrimination in the nursing profession. â€Å"One of the simplest principles of distributive Justice is that of str ict or radical equality.The principle says that every person should have the same bevel of material goods and services† [ (Mason, Alleviate, & Chaffed, 2012, p. 83) l. The Bible also supports the principle of treating others with dignity and respect as stated in 1 Pet 2:AAA: â€Å"Show proper respect to everyone.

Chocolat Essay

‘Chocolat’ a film directed by Lasse Hallstrom, centres around a small village by which on the surface may seem peaceful and in ‘tranquillity’ but beyond the surface lay many individuals and larger groups of people, families, face issues of isolation, acceptance and tolerance within the community. These major themes are portrayed through animated actors whom Hallstrom accentuates these ideas through filmic techniques. Isolation a major issue in this film and Hallstrom has conveyed this idea constantly throughout the film. The introduction of the film has shot the village from bird’s eye view and these continuous overhead shots express the isolation and disconnection the village has from the rest of the country. The scenery of mountains and large landscapes of forestry and the long river depict a peacefulness and tranquillity and also at the same time creating a sense of vastness and distance this village has from the busy civilisation of France. Vianne and her daughter Anouk are travellers and foreign to the village, were foreshadowed to be isolated individuals before they even stepped into the village. The voice over narrated, † there was once a quiet little village where people believed in tranquillity† and the slam of the church doors were magnified and the effect of the silence that came afterwards with long shots of the front of the church established the ‘tranquillity† and also the force of law and order in this village- everyone had attended church, no one was outside with other plans to do. The traditional hymn of the church was contrasted against the ethereal music and the wind sounds that weaved through the preacher’s speech. This wind signified a change. The voice over explained, † villagers held to their traditions until a sly wind blew in from the north† and a point of view shot from the wind’s perspective pushing the church doors open interrupting the silence and the preach further stresses the disturbance and changes that will occur to the village. The costuming of Vianne and Anouk represents the difference to the village as they arrived with their bright red hoods contrasting the bland, white background. As Vianne and Anouk prepare the opening of their shop, they are avoided by many of the villagers due to the negative comments spread by the Comte de The repetition of the lines, â€Å"I heard she was a†¦ † with several shots of different people one after the other emphasises the disconnection they have with Vianne. Vianne not attending church created further reason for the villagers to isolate themselves from her. Although Vianne is isolated from the community there are individuals within the community whom are isolated as well. Armand, a seventy-year old lady with diabetes, opened up to Vianne about her isolation and disassociation with her family, especially her grandson- Luke, due to conflicting personalities and views between her daughter, Caroline, and herself. The tension is evident between the mother and daughter when Luke is caught spending time with Armande. Close up shots of Armande’s and Caroline’s facial expressions demonstrated the hostility they held for each other. A full shot of both women with a wide space between them showed that not only they were physically distant but their relationship with each other is flawed. Luke, grandson of Armand, is also isolated not only from his grandmother but from his peers as well due to Caroline’s protectiveness. As Luke looks from inside through his window to where the children are playing in the snow, sounds of the children’s laughter and screams are muffled as if to put the audience in Luke’s shoes, feeling lonely, caged and having lack of fun and freedom. Josephine is also an important character who experience isolation. Josephine was insecure and living in fear under the same roof of her abusive husband. She was isolated in terms of unable to confide to a friend and she found her release instead by stealing small items. A close up shot of Josephine in church stealing a mirror from someone’s purse, and a faint smile formed on her face from the thrill of getting away with something was her release. When Josephine finally confined to Vianne about the lack of power and inequality in the relationship with her husband, we have a medium shot of her, sucessfully capturing her body language, fidgety fingers and her facial expressions displaying the enormous stress and pressure she is experience. In this film, a lack of tolerance is immense in the community of this village, Comte de Renou is intolerance at its depleting level yet the irony of him being † a patient man†, and â€Å"If I were the first Comte de Renou I would have had you out of this village as quick as you came†. Due to the Comte’s influence the villagers have avoided the chocolate cafe and is further emphasised by a shot from the inside window display of the shop with the people peering inside with curious but wary glances but never coming close to entering the shop. The tolerance that the Comte the Renou has in the act of fasting due to religious reasons. The zoom in and focusing of the enticing food that lay on his desk only to be blocked by a photo frame. A close up on his facial expression fighting the need to discipline his body after taking a deep sniff in a jam jar shows his immense ability of tolerance and control within himself. The relationship between Armande and Caroline are the perfect example of intolerance of each other. Long shots and full shots always view these women with much distance between themselves. Josephine is an individual who had endured and tolerated much under the roof of her abusive husband. When Josephine had confided to Vianne of the impossible deeds and chores she had to follow it also expressed the lack of power Josephine had over herself- much like what most women had experience in marriages at that time, â€Å"You must think I’m stupid†¦ but men do run the world† she explained. In the middle of the night Josephine pounded on Vianne’s door and a full shot of Josephine with her suitcase conveyed the rebelliousness and a decision Josephine made on her own will and the intolerance of living in fear. Although the villagers have tried to disassociate themselves from the chocolate cafe, they began to fall in love with Vianne’s chocolate and charm and have begun to tolerate their associations with her. These confused villagers have all frequented to the confessional about their sins, Hallstrom shot their confessions from behind the confession screen with a continuous fade in and fade out of each person’s confession about the temptation and satisfaction that received from tasting her chocolates, emphasising the effect Vianne has had to these villagers. Immediate action to rid off the gypsies when they settled on the river’s edge strongly expressed the prejudice the Comte de Renou and majority of the villagers had towards the gypsies. Labelling them as ‘river-rats’ and ‘drifters’ did not win the council over on approval to ostracise the gypsies because they were not on their ‘property’ by law. Due to the unsuccessful action, Comte de Renou had initiated flyers of â€Å"boycotting immorality† as the alienation and exclusion of the gypsies will bound to be successful. Shots of the fliers repeatedly being stuck on, nailed in, glued signified the participation of all villagers, except Vianne, and the lack of tolerance they hold to the outsiders. The acceptance of Vianne was a slow progress but the ice-breaker between herself and the community was by hosting Armande’s seventieth birthday party. Slow motion and extreme close-ups on the guests faces showed the great appreciation and enjoyment of the food and the respect and acceptance of Vianne. The announcement of dessert being held on Roux’s boat had the guests in silence and in hesitation but they had accepted and long shots of the scene of the people dancing to lively music with laughter on the boat demonstrated there was no longer a barrier between the gypsies and villagers. Josephine had embarked on a transformation. She is dressed in bright clothing; emphasising change, she no longer speaks in a hurried and timid tone, and smiles and laughs often. Josephine had stood up for herself instead of fleeing from a situation as seen in the scene where Georges is hit over on the head by a pan by her. Josephine had come to an acceptance of herself and has become a happier and better woman. Due to Luke’s disobedience Caroline has opened her eyes. A long shot of her mother and son having fun and over the long distance between them at Armande’s party again shows their distant relationship with the other, but a close-up on the look the women shared was a mesmerising conundrum. Caroline has come to realisation and acceptance that caging her son did not made him a happy child, and the next scene that involved Caroline was of her fixing a bicycle for Luke. The Comte de Renou had come to terms of acceptance of his broken marriage and Vianne. The Comte lost all sense of control and smashed Vianne’s window display in rage, but he gave into himself when an extreme close up on his lip and tongue licking a small speck of chocolate emphasised the humanity in the Comte. The morning the Comte woke up a high angle shot of him looking up to Vianne conveyed the extreme vulnerability and the reversed roles in this situation. The Comte gives Vianne a genuine smile at the Easter celebration, but the voice over narrates, â€Å"he took another seven months to ask Caroline out†. Vianne herself had accepted that belonging to a community is what satisfies her. The act of Vianne refusing the north wind and finally the action of her opening the window and throwing her mother’s ashes into the air symbolised the release of Vianne, the freedom her mother as the ashes are recorded flying into the wide open sky. Vianne has truly accepted that she is happiest when she belongs to a community.

Co-ordinate implementation of customer service strategie Essay

Brief Background McDonalds is a well admired, large organization of approximately 5,500 locally owned and operated businesses all around the world. Food quality is the key at McDonald’s as is has implemented rigorous food safety standards for almost 50 years, and the fast food restaurant has been recognized for its popular and well known meals, ranging from delicious burgers, well known French fries, healthy salads, rolls, fruits, deserts, and also breakfast foods such as bacon and eggs, cereals and pancakes. The restaurant also has Ronald McDonald House Charities and its global network of independent local Chapters, which help find, create, and support programs that directly improve the health and well-being of children. There are many employees in each McDonald’s restaurant which are well trained to help serve the more than 47 million customers, in 119 countries from more than 30,000 different restaurant locations. The specific department on which is being focused on this report revolves around working on the front counter; this includes customer service, preparation of the meals, dealing with cash, cleaning and stocking. Organisation’s internal and external customers Working on the front counter at McDonalds deals with the external customers, these are the people who pay for the product/food that the business has to offer. The employees, who work on the front counter, act as internal customers towards the employees at McDonalds who work in the back. People working on the front counter next-handle the jobs that have been completed from out the back where the food is made. When an external customer walks into a McDonald restaurant, straight away their main needs and expectations is to firstly walk into an attractive well maintained and clean environment, to have a fresh tasting meal delivered to them politely from a well organized employee, who should prepare the meal quickly but carefully, making sure no mistakes are made. Each and every employee has the resources they need to serve the customers so they can be prepared as each customer approaches. Restaurants are adequately staffed to allow for a good customer experience as well as to provide schedule flexibility, work-life balance and time for training. When serving the customers, employees should act in ways which make the customers feel as though they are happy with the service and would continue to do business with the organisation. Therefore the employees are trained to use appropriate communication techniques to make the customer feel comfortable, welcome and satisfied with the service. This means that every customer should receive respect, patience, friendliness, and good quality products. On behave of McDonalds (2004), claims that â€Å"At McDonald’s, we know that people are our most valuable resource. We aim to be the best employer in each community around the world where we do business.† Read more:  Customer Service Essay How the organisation recognizes its customer’s requirement McDonalds is well known as a fast food restaurant, therefore the meals are expected to be delivered to each customer in a fast, efficient way, but in the same time, the meals need to be prepared cautiously to make sure no mistakes are made and to also make sure that the meal is fresh and of great quality. Another issue concerned with the service is the ‘customer rush’ this is when many customers all approach at once. This usually occurs during lunch time, straight after school hours, and around dinner time. When there is a ‘customer rush’, the store should be adequately staffed to allow employees to be prepared and deal with the large group of people as quick as they can. The organisation becomes aware of the requirements from previous circumstances when customers complain that their food is not fresh, or if they have been waiting a long time for their meal to be prepared. All McDonald’s restaurants have possession of a particular McDonalds owned clock which works as a timer and helps in the process to distinguish how long the burgers have been sitting for. This process prevents the burgers from going past the stage where they are not fresh anymore. The fry station in which the fries are made also has a separate timer which goes of when the fries are no longer fresh. From time to time, accidents may happen and the timers may not be used efficiently. This is when the food gets cold, and customers begin to complain. When a customer complains of their food being cold or not fresh, they should be treated with extra consideration, get an apology and then have their meal replaced. The only way this problem can be resolved is for workers to make sure they keep an eye on the timers, and if there are no fresh burgers when a customer is served, they should be seated and have they’re meal taken to them within a few minutes. If a customer feels that they repeatedly receive food which is not fresh enough, and they do not mind waiting a few extra minutes, they can ask for a fresh burger. Then, they will be asked to be seated while their meal is being made. Another circumstance may be if a customer is allergic to something in a meal, or don’t want a particular ingredient in their food such as pickles in their burgers or salt on their fries. All they need to do is make the person who is serving them aware of this. This is called a grill, and their meal will be freshly made as of above. All the staff of McDonalds are trained to deal with the customers in a pleasant manner. Any suggestions from customers on how the service, environment, etc. can be improved would be taken positively and the matter would be discussed with the management because McDonalds wants all customers to be happy. Some McDonalds restaurants have suggestion boxes where customers can give their thoughts of any improvement which can be made for customer service delivery. The suggestions from customers are a great help to the management, as the customers are the ones who the store is trying to impress. Within time, business technology can assist with the service at McDonalds by creating higher technology cash register, which may help with interpreting the order and assistance with the cash. The quicker the meal is ordered the quicker the meal can be delivered. Business technology could also assist with serving the customers on drive through. â€Å"Our People Promise is more than words. McDonald’s and its independent owner/operators have made a commitment to our employees that we strive to achieve with our actions every day† McDonalds.com (2004). To deliver the People Promise, there are in place, five people principles which promote customer service strategies. They include Respect and recognition, Values and Leadership Behaviors, Competitive Pay and Benefits, Learning Developing and Personal Growth and Resourced to get the job done. The delivery of a quality service is essential to a successful business. â€Å"For McDonald’s to achieve our goal of being the world’s best quick service restaurant experience, we must have the best experience for all McDonald’s employees.† This quotes that the quality of the McDonalds business revolves around the employees actions. Another main issue is that there is always a clean surrounding of each restaurant, to make everyone feel comfortable to dine in. The main customer objective is when food is not fresh. To fulfill this objective, budget recourses which may help with the solution could include a buzzer or alarm to indicate that the food is off. Stronger heat may help so that the burgers, and fries stay hot, but this brings danger to the employees with the high risks of burns. The company can look further towards these issues to come to a resolution to the complaints. Conclusion The company of McDonalds is a largely known and popular business. The reoccurrence of so many customers indicates that it is successful. But there can never be enough of pleasing customers, because the more pleased customers become, the more business the store will get, this is from word of mouth. Therefore if a customer has a bad experience, the company’s earnings may slightly drop. McDonalds is cautious of the way they handle customers, the environment, and the quality of their food. They are also aware of customer complaints or suggestions of improving the service, food, etc. This helps a lot to improve the business which is becoming more and more popular everyday. Bibliography * http//:www.Mcdonalds.com.au * Burbury E, 2003, Deliver and Monitor a Service to Customers, Software publication Pty. Ltd., Sydney. * McDonalds Pty Ltd, 2001, Crew Member Handbook. * http//:www.Mcdonalds.com (world wide)